We were discussing various basic concepts of thermodynamics
such as thermodynamic state, path, process and cycles in our previous post. We
have also discussed the concept and method of calculation of work energy transfer in thermodynamics in our recent post.
Today we will see here the concept of heat energy transfer and calculation in thermodynamics. We will study here the basics of
heat energy in the field of thermal engineering and also we will see further
the sign conventions used for heat and work transfer in thermodynamics.
Heat
Heat energy is basically defined as the
transformation of energy from one object to other object due to temperature
difference. Heat energy will be transferred from high temperature object to
lower temperature object. Heat energy transformation in a condition of thermal
equilibrium will be zero. Heat energy will also be measured in joule and its
unit of measurement i.e. Joule will be indicated by J.
Transformation of heat energy will be done by
following methods as mentioned here.
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
Even we will see each method of transformation of
heat energy in detail in our coming posts, let us understand briefly above
methods of transformation of heat energy.
Conduction
If an object having higher temperature comes in
contact with another object having at lower temperature, then heat energy will
be transferred from higher temperature object to lower temperature object by
the conduction method.
Higher temperature object will lose the heat energy
and colder object will secure the same quantity of heat energy and this process
of transformation of heat energy will be stopped once both objects will come to
a common temperature.
Calculation of heat energy transfer by conduction
mode will be followed by above formula.
Convection
Heat energy transformation through a medium will be
done by the process of convection method. Heat transferred through a liquid or
gas will be the best example of convection method of heat transfer. Heat energy
will be taken by convection current from one place to another place.
Calculation of heat energy transfer by convection
mode will be followed by above formula
Radiation
Radiation is also one mode of heat energy transfer
from one object having at higher temperature to another object at lower
temperature by the electromagnetic waves or radiation.
Radiation mode of heat energy transfer does not require any substance for traveling from one place to
another place. Electromagnetic radiation or waves will travel through the
vacuum of space. We are securing heat energy from sun by radiation mode of heat
energy transfer.
Calculation of heat energy transfer by radiation
mode will be followed by above formula
Let us see the meaning of symbols used in above
formulas for determining the heat energy transfer by above mentioned three modes
of heat energy transfer.
k = Thermal conductivity of the material
A= Cross sectional area
T Hot = Higher temperature
T Cold = Lower temperature
T = Duration of time
d= Thickness of the object
h= Coefficient of heat transfer
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant
Modes
of heat energy transfer
As displayed in figure, water is being heated in a
pan by burning coal. Heat energy transfer from burning coal to the bottom of
the pan will be done by radiation mode of heat transfer.
Heat transfer from the
hot water at the bottom of pan to the cold water at the top of the pan will be
followed by convection mode of heat energy transfer.
Heat energy transfer from
the body of the pan to handle of the pan will be done by the conduction mode of
heat transfer.
We will discuss the sign conventions used for heat and work transfer in thermodynamics in our next post.
Do you have suggestions? Please write in comment box
Reference:
Engineering thermodynamics by P.K. Nag
Engineering thermodynamics by R. K. Rajput
Image courtesy: Google
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