In order to reduce our
dependency on fuel like petroleum, it is very important to carry out research
on some alternative fuels for compression ignition & spark ignition
engines. Because these alternative fuels are very important for environmental
protection point of views.Â
The researches were carried out by using alternative
fuels and decreasing consumption of petroleum and hence reducing the
concentration of toxic elements in the product of combustion. With the
applications of gaseous fuels such as LPG, it is observed lower emissions of
Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide.
We will consider gaseous fuel e.g. LPG and CNG application in engines separately
There are some
parameters for examples operating cylinder pressure, air-fuel ratio,
compression ratio and ignition timing and these parameters should be study in
this literature review paper in order to secure lower emissions and good
performance of engines.
Introduction
Scientists and Engineers
have a dream project to develop such fuels and engine that will consume less
quantity of fuel and emit very less toxic elements in product
of combustion so that we may save our environment with these
harmful toxic components produced during the combustion of fuels.
Government of every
country has decided some standard norms and also rules, law in order to control
the pollution of air. Air pollution control board of each country has to
supervise the norms, law and rules on a specific frequency basis.
There are big
possibilities of air pollution in urban areas due to continuous increase in
numbers of vehicle on daily basis. IC engines are frequently used in
transportation system as IC engine has handsome power density and thermal
efficiency also. It is observed big increase in air pollution due to frequent
use of IC engine.Â
It is also observed in a Survey that approximate 30 Billion tons of Carbon die oxide is added (by each country) to environment air in each year. Transporting Vehicle, weather these are with CI or SI engine, are responsible for polluting of air via emitting toxic and harmful components during combustion of fossil fuels.Â
It is also observed in a Survey that approximate 30 Billion tons of Carbon die oxide is added (by each country) to environment air in each year. Transporting Vehicle, weather these are with CI or SI engine, are responsible for polluting of air via emitting toxic and harmful components during combustion of fossil fuels.Â
If we study deeply about
the emission of fossil fuels, we will come to know that Hydrocarbon, carbon
mono-oxide and nitrogen oxide are more dangerous as these affects health
directly. Ozone is also emitted by combustion of such fuels but ozone is not
affecting health directly because they will pass through a series of reactions
and after that it will be harmful to health.Â
Hence ozone is considered as secondary toxic components of emitted during combustion of such fuels. Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for air pollution, acid rain, global warming and other different kind of health hazards. It is very important for engineers and researchers to search alternative fuels in order to avoid such harmful emissions.
Hence ozone is considered as secondary toxic components of emitted during combustion of such fuels. Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for air pollution, acid rain, global warming and other different kind of health hazards. It is very important for engineers and researchers to search alternative fuels in order to avoid such harmful emissions.
As we know that LPG is
produced as bi-product during the process of extraction of crude oil and
natural gas. Main components of LPG are butane and propane. Octane no. of LPG
is also higher as compared to petrol. LPG has octane number of 105 while for
petrol it is about 91 to 97.
It is observed that with
the application of LPG in IC engine, we may secure higher thermal efficiency
and economical consumption of fuel as compare with the application of unleaded
gasoline. Now these days LPG i.e. liquefied petroleum gas and LNG i.e.
liquefied natural gas are in demand for the transporting vehicles due to better
performance in efficiency and economy of fuels.
LPG gas emits lower
carbon die-oxide (CO2) as compare to gasoline due to higher octane
no (105) and lower carbon. Before some years this study was carried out to use
LPG in modern engine and now approximates 4 million vehicles are operating with
LPG as fuel. There was some medium, light and heavy truck also those were
operated with gasoline fuel but later converted with LPG kit.
Lot of researches and
test were carried out to know the updated status of performance of LPG fuel in
SI engines and it is observed vehicle those are operated with LPG fuel will
have 40 % lower hydrocarbon, 60 % lower Carbon monoxide and reduced quantity of
carbon die oxide as compared with fossil fuels operated vehicles.
We must note it that
fuel’s properties depends only on the chemical constituents that determines the
characteristics such as thermal efficiency and power density and various kind
of combustion product.
There are some
modifications required for LPG vehicle kits where a strong fuel tank will be
required sustain a pressure more than 150 PSI. Let us consider a spark ignition
engine with LPG fuel kit.
Let us consider the
chemical constituents of LPG and Gasoline with the help of following table.
Survey is carried out in
order to study about the current status of performance of Liquefied petroleum
gas and its emission properties.
Thirumal Mamidi
investigated the impact of different compression ratios on the performance
& emission properties of Spark ignition engine operating with Liquefied
petroleum gas.Â
He had concluded that brake thermal efficiency will be increased with the increment in value of compression ratio .As we know that Liquefied petroleum gas has a higher octane rating & thus we may say that the engine (operating with LPG) will have ability to run effectively, without any knock, at relatively higher compression ratios.
He had concluded that brake thermal efficiency will be increased with the increment in value of compression ratio .As we know that Liquefied petroleum gas has a higher octane rating & thus we may say that the engine (operating with LPG) will have ability to run effectively, without any knock, at relatively higher compression ratios.
The emissions of carbon mono-oxide and HC increase with the increment in the value of compression
ratio, Load and speed. If we consider the case of spark ignition engine
operating with Liquefied petroleum gas, we will observe that the duration of
combustion will be decreased because fuel burning rate will be higher in this
case.
Thus temperatures and
pressures Predicted for LPG will be higher as compared to the gasoline. Gaseous
fuels combustion such as combustion of Liquefied petroleum gas occurs in a
uniform mixture of air & fuel and that will lead to the reduction in the
possibilities of incomplete combustion.Â
Emissions of HC, CO2 and
CO increase with the increase in the load on engine. Let us consider some
graphs where we may easily see about the performance of engine at various load
with different compression ratio. We will also see the characteristics of
emissions at various load and compression ratio.
Conclusions
On the basis of above
literature review, we may conclude that Liquefied petroleum gas will be better
alternative for gasoline fuel because LPG has good octane no. as compared to
Gasoline fuel. LPG has better performance and toxic emissions will also be lesser
as compared to Gasoline fuels.
Hence, we may conclude
that LPG will be the best substitute of gasoline fuel in future for transport
vehicles. There are some more details that we have secured after study of this
literature review of application of LPG in place of gasoline fuels and these
are as described below.
- If we will not consider the mechanism of delivery and storage system of fuel then LPG engine is very similar to petrol engine and LPG engine will provide better performance and better thermal efficiency.
- Engine operation will be smoother as compared to petrol engine.
- It is concluded that LPG engine emits 33 % lesser CO2 as compared to petrol engine.
- It is also concluded that LPG engine emits 45 % lesser CO2 as compared to diesel engine.
- It is concluded that LPG engine emits 82 % lesser nitrogen oxide as compared to petrol engine.
- It is also concluded that LPG engine emits 63 % lesser CO.
- It is concluded that LPG engine emits 40 % lesser Hydrocarbon as compared to petrol engine.
- It is also concluded that LPG engine emits 70 % lesser Hydrocarbon as compared to diesel engines.
- LPG engine will emit Emission consisting less toxic components as compared to petrol and diesel engines.
- Carbon depositions will also be reduced in case of LPG engine thus life of engine will be increased.
 Let us move towards next post Â
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